Corrections, Retractions and Withdrawal

ESG maintains the accuracy of the published record through linked notices. Minor production errors may be corrected directly; errors affecting interpretation require a formal correction.

An article may be retracted when findings are unreliable because of misconduct or major error, when the work is redundant, or when unethical or unlawful material cannot remain in the record. The article and notice will remain linked and clearly identified.

Withdrawal before publication is exceptional and requires editorial approval and agreement from all authors.