Publication Ethics

ICR expects accurate reporting, humane and responsible research, fair attribution, independent review and careful maintenance of the scientific record.

Author responsibilities

Authors must submit original work, describe methods and results honestly, disclose funding and competing interests, obtain required approvals and permits, and correct significant errors. Fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, duplicate publication, image manipulation and false attribution are unacceptable.

Editors and reviewers

Editors assess manuscripts on scientific merit and relevance. Reviewers must provide constructive, confidential and unbiased advice and disclose conflicts.

Concerns

Credible concerns are assessed using the manuscript record, underlying evidence and responses from affected parties. ICR may publish a correction, expression of concern or retraction when needed.