AI Use and Disclosure

Generative AI and automated tools cannot be authors, reviewers or accountable contributors. Authors remain responsible for every claim, citation, calculation, table, figure and line of code in a submission.

Material use of generative AI in drafting, translation, coding, analysis or image preparation must be described in the manuscript or acknowledgements, including the tool and purpose. Routine spelling, reference-management and established scientific software need not be reported as generative AI.

Editors and reviewers must not upload confidential manuscripts to an external AI service. Fabricated references, undisclosed synthetic observations or misleading AI-generated images are unacceptable.